diff --git a/application/config/database.php b/application/config/database.php
index 7eac59b..bd68db1 100644
--- a/application/config/database.php
+++ b/application/config/database.php
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 | EXPLANATION OF VARIABLES
 | -------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
+|	['dsn']      The full DSN string describe a connection to the database.
 |	['hostname'] The hostname of your database server.
 |	['username'] The username used to connect to the database
 |	['password'] The password used to connect to the database
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@
 $active_group = 'default';
 $active_record = TRUE;
 
+$db['default']['dsn']      = '';
 $db['default']['hostname'] = 'localhost';
 $db['default']['username'] = '';
 $db['default']['password'] = '';
diff --git a/index.php b/index.php
index 1712a7d..a378266 100644
--- a/index.php
+++ b/index.php
@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@
 	{
 		if ( ! is_dir(BASEPATH.$application_folder.'/'))
 		{
+			header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable.', TRUE, '503');
 			exit('Your application folder path does not appear to be set correctly. Please open the following file and correct this: '.SELF);
 		}
 
@@ -233,6 +234,7 @@
 	{
 		if ( ! is_dir(APPPATH.'views/'))
 		{
+			header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable.', TRUE, '503');
 			exit('Your view folder path does not appear to be set correctly. Please open the following file and correct this: '.SELF);
 		}
 
diff --git a/readme.rst b/readme.rst
index 26e04ce..2369a8d 100644
--- a/readme.rst
+++ b/readme.rst
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 **************************
 
 You can find a list of all changes for each release in the `user
-guide change log <https://github.com/EllisLab/CodeIgniter/blob/develop/user_guide/changelog.html>`_.
+guide change log <https://github.com/EllisLab/CodeIgniter/blob/develop/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst>`_.
 
 *******************
 Server Requirements
@@ -193,4 +193,4 @@
 ***************
 
 The EllisLab team and The Reactor Engineers would like to thank all the
-contributors to the CodeIgniter project and you, the CodeIgniter user.
\ No newline at end of file
+contributors to the CodeIgniter project and you, the CodeIgniter user.
diff --git a/system/core/Common.php b/system/core/Common.php
index 2f9c4ff..225227d 100644
--- a/system/core/Common.php
+++ b/system/core/Common.php
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@
 		{
 			// Note: We use exit() rather then show_error() in order to avoid a
 			// self-referencing loop with the Excptions class
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Unable to locate the specified class: '.$class.'.php');
 		}
 
@@ -243,6 +244,7 @@
 		// Fetch the config file
 		if ( ! file_exists($file_path))
 		{
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('The configuration file does not exist.');
 		}
 
@@ -251,6 +253,7 @@
 		// Does the $config array exist in the file?
 		if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
 		{
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Your config file does not appear to be formatted correctly.');
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/core/Config.php b/system/core/Config.php
index 6636911..6841743 100755
--- a/system/core/Config.php
+++ b/system/core/Config.php
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 		{
 			if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']))
 			{
-				$base_url = isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off' ? 'https' : 'http';
+				$base_url = ! empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off' ? 'https' : 'http';
 				$base_url .= '://'. $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
 					. str_replace(basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']), '', $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
 			}
diff --git a/system/core/Input.php b/system/core/Input.php
index 7a16e51..ee15f40 100755
--- a/system/core/Input.php
+++ b/system/core/Input.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Input Class
  *
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@
 	public function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL AND ! empty($_GET))
+		if ($index === NULL && ! empty($_GET))
 		{
 			$get = array();
 
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@
 	public function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL AND ! empty($_POST))
+		if ($index === NULL && ! empty($_POST))
 		{
 			$post = array();
 
@@ -206,9 +204,9 @@
 	*/
 	public function get_post($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($_POST[$index]))
-			? $this->get($index, $xss_clean)
-			: $this->post($index, $xss_clean);
+		return isset($_POST[$index])
+			? $this->post($index, $xss_clean)
+			: $this->get($index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -256,19 +254,19 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '' AND config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
+		if ($prefix == '' && config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
 		{
 			$prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix');
 		}
-		if ($domain == '' AND config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
+		if ($domain == '' && config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
 		{
 			$domain = config_item('cookie_domain');
 		}
-		if ($path == '/' AND config_item('cookie_path') != '/')
+		if ($path == '/' && config_item('cookie_path') !== '/')
 		{
 			$path = config_item('cookie_path');
 		}
-		if ($secure == FALSE AND config_item('cookie_secure') != FALSE)
+		if ($secure == FALSE && config_item('cookie_secure') != FALSE)
 		{
 			$secure = config_item('cookie_secure');
 		}
@@ -320,11 +318,11 @@
 
 			$this->ip_address = in_array($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], $proxies) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
 		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP') AND $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR'))
+		elseif ( ! $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP') && $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR'))
 		{
 			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
 		}
-		elseif ($this->server('REMOTE_ADDR') AND $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP'))
+		elseif ($this->server('REMOTE_ADDR') && $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP'))
 		{
 			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'];
 		}
@@ -414,7 +412,7 @@
 			return $this->user_agent;
 		}
 
-		return $this->user_agent = ( ! isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) ? FALSE : $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
+		return $this->user_agent = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -469,19 +467,16 @@
 		{
 			$_GET = array();
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) > 0)
 		{
-			if (is_array($_GET) AND count($_GET) > 0)
+			foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
 			{
-				foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
-				{
-					$_GET[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
-				}
+				$_GET[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Clean $_POST Data
-		if (is_array($_POST) AND count($_POST) > 0)
+		if (is_array($_POST) && count($_POST) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($_POST as $key => $val)
 			{
@@ -490,7 +485,7 @@
 		}
 
 		// Clean $_COOKIE Data
-		if (is_array($_COOKIE) AND count($_COOKIE) > 0)
+		if (is_array($_COOKIE) && count($_COOKIE) > 0)
 		{
 			// Also get rid of specially treated cookies that might be set by a server
 			// or silly application, that are of no use to a CI application anyway
@@ -568,7 +563,7 @@
 		}
 
 		// Standardize newlines if needed
-		if ($this->_standardize_newlines == TRUE AND strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->_standardize_newlines == TRUE && strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
 		{
 			return str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\r\n\n"), PHP_EOL, $str);
 		}
@@ -592,6 +587,7 @@
 	{
 		if ( ! preg_match('/^[a-z0-9:_\/-]+$/i', $str))
 		{
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Disallowed Key Characters.');
 		}
 
@@ -624,7 +620,7 @@
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$headers['Content-Type'] = (isset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'])) ? $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] : @getenv('CONTENT_TYPE');
+			$headers['Content-Type'] = isset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE']) ? $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] : @getenv('CONTENT_TYPE');
 
 			foreach ($_SERVER as $key => $val)
 			{
@@ -654,9 +650,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the value of a single member of the headers class member
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		array key for $this->headers
-	 * @param	boolean		XSS Clean or not
-	 * @return 	mixed		FALSE on failure, string on success
+	 * @param	string	array key for $this->headers
+	 * @param	bool	XSS Clean or not
+	 * @return	mixed	FALSE on failure, string on success
 	 */
 	public function get_request_header($index, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -670,12 +666,9 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($xss_clean === TRUE)
-		{
-			return $this->security->xss_clean($this->headers[$index]);
-		}
-
-		return $this->headers[$index];
+		return ($xss_clean === TRUE)
+			? $this->security->xss_clean($this->headers[$index])
+			: $this->headers[$index];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -685,11 +678,11 @@
 	 *
 	 * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean
+	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_ajax_request()
 	{
-		return ($this->server('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH') === 'XMLHttpRequest');
+		return ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) === 'xmlhttprequest');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -699,11 +692,11 @@
 	 *
 	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean
+	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_cli_request()
 	{
-		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli') or defined('STDIN');
+		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli' OR defined('STDIN'));
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index ed6afd7..d06ffb4 100755
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@
 		$params = array(
 				'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
 				'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
+				'port'		=> (isset($dns['port'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['port']) : '',
 				'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
 				'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
 				'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 661b42c..b829bbe 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@
 	var $stmt_id;
 	var $curs_id;
 	var $limit_used;
-
-
+	
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@
 
 		// Some DBs have functions that return the version, and don't run special
 		// SQL queries per se. In these instances, just return the result.
-		$driver_version_exceptions = array('oci8', 'sqlite', 'cubrid', 'pdo');
+		$driver_version_exceptions = array('oci8', 'sqlite', 'cubrid', 'pdo', 'mysqli');
 
 		if (in_array($this->dbdriver, $driver_version_exceptions))
 		{
@@ -814,20 +813,23 @@
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			$table = FALSE;
+			$rows = $query->result_array();
+			$key = (($row = current($rows)) && in_array('table_name', array_map('strtolower', array_keys($row))));
+
+			if ($key)
 			{
-				if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
-				{
-					$retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$retval[] = array_shift($row);
-				}
+				$table = array_key_exists('TABLE_NAME', $row) ? 'TABLE_NAME' : 'table_name';
+			}
+
+			foreach ($rows as $row)
+			{
+				$retval[] = ( ! $table) ? current($row) : $row[$table];
 			}
 		}
 
 		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
+		
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -1436,10 +1438,7 @@
 
 		return $item.$alias;
 	}
-
-
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index 0f69a07..067710f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Database Adapter Class
  *
@@ -42,46 +40,47 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mysql';
+	public $dbdriver = 'mysql';
 
 	// The character used for escaping
-	var	$_escape_char = '`';
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
 	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
-
-	/**
-	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
-	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
-	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
-	 */
-	var $delete_hack = TRUE;
+	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
-
-	// whether SET NAMES must be used to set the character set
-	var $use_set_names;
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
+	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
+	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
+
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
 		if ($this->port != '')
 		{
 			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
 		}
+	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
 		return @mysql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, TRUE);
 	}
 
@@ -90,16 +89,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
-		}
-
 		return @mysql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
 	}
 
@@ -111,10 +104,9 @@
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (mysql_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -127,10 +119,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select()
 	{
 		return @mysql_select_db($this->database, $this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -140,12 +131,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
 		return function_exists('mysql_set_charset')
 			? @mysql_set_charset($charset, $this->conn_id)
@@ -157,12 +147,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Version number query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	protected function _version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		return 'SELECT version() AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -170,14 +159,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @mysql_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
+		return @mysql_query($this->_prep_query($sql), $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -187,20 +174,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
-		// "DELETE FROM TABLE" returns 0 affected rows This hack modifies
-		// the query so that it returns the number of affected rows
-		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE)
+		// mysql_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+		// modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
-			{
-				$sql = preg_replace("/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/", "DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1", $sql);
-			}
+			return preg_replace('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/', 'DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1', $sql);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -211,18 +194,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -230,7 +207,7 @@
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
 		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
@@ -242,18 +219,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -268,18 +239,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -294,12 +259,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
@@ -311,7 +275,7 @@
 	   		return $str;
 	   	}
 
-		if (function_exists('mysql_real_escape_string') AND is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		if (function_exists('mysql_real_escape_string') && is_resource($this->conn_id))
 		{
 			$str = mysql_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
 		}
@@ -327,7 +291,7 @@
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -338,10 +302,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysql_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -351,10 +314,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
 		return @mysql_insert_id($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -367,27 +329,25 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
 	 * the specified database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function count_all($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
+		$query = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -397,17 +357,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM ".$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -420,13 +379,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	public function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -436,13 +394,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "DESCRIBE ".$table;
+		return 'DESCRIBE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -450,10 +407,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * The error message string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	protected function _error_message()
 	{
 		return mysql_error($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -463,10 +419,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * The error message number
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	protected function _error_number()
 	{
 		return mysql_errno($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -478,11 +433,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * This function escapes column and table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
 	{
 		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
 		{
@@ -493,24 +447,20 @@
 		{
 			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
 
 				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
 		}
 
 		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -521,11 +471,10 @@
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
 	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	string	table name
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($tables))
 		{
@@ -542,15 +491,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -561,15 +509,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -579,15 +526,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -598,7 +544,6 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
@@ -606,34 +551,22 @@
 	 * @param	array	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
 	{
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-		
-		if (count($like) > 0) 
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
+		if (count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= ($where == '' AND count($where) <1) ? " WHERE " : ' AND ';
-			
-			foreach ($like as $st_like) 
-			{
-				$sql .= " " . $st_like;	
-			}
+			$where .= ($where == '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr).$where
+			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
+			.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -644,17 +577,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$ids[] = $val[$index];
@@ -668,30 +598,21 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
 		$cases = '';
-
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+			$cases .= $k." = CASE \n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2)
+			.' WHERE '.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '')
+			.$index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
@@ -699,13 +620,12 @@
 	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
 	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -715,31 +635,27 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
 
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
 			}
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -749,24 +665,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
-		}
-
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($offset == 0 ? '' : $offset.', ').$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -774,17 +680,15 @@
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
 	{
 		@mysql_close($conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index a41a7b4..0f251b0 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Forge Class
  *
@@ -39,13 +37,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
+	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -53,13 +50,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function _drop_database($name)
 	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'DROP DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,83 +63,57 @@
 	/**
 	 * Process Fields
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	private function _process_fields($fields)
 	{
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 		$sql = '';
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
+					.( ! empty($attributes['NAME']) ? ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ' : '');
 
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
+				if ( ! empty($attributes['TYPE']))
 				{
 					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
-					if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
+					if ( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']))
 					{
-						switch ($attributes['TYPE'])
+						switch (strtolower($attributes['TYPE']))
 						{
 							case 'decimal':
 							case 'float':
 							case 'numeric':
 								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-							break;
-
+								break;
 							case 'enum':
 							case 'set':
 								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-							break;
-
+								break;
 							default:
 								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
 						}
 					}
 				}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= (( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -161,15 +131,14 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -178,15 +147,12 @@
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
 			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name." (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -204,13 +170,11 @@
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY {$key_name} (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $key).')';
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET {$this->db->char_set} COLLATE {$this->db->dbcollat};";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ".$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat.';';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -218,12 +182,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -232,33 +196,26 @@
 	 * Alter table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column() and column_alter()
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
 	 * @param	string	the column name
 	 * @param	array	fields
 	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.$this->_process_fields($fields)
+			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -268,18 +225,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the old table name
 	 * @param	string	the new table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	public function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file mysql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
index dcb99cd..8f04a93 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Result Class
  *
@@ -41,10 +39,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysql_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -54,10 +51,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @mysql_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,10 +65,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
 		while ($field = mysql_fetch_field($this->result_id))
@@ -90,25 +85,21 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
 		while ($field = mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id))
 		{
 			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
 
-			$type = (array_key_exists(1, $matches)) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$length = (array_key_exists(2, $matches)) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->Field;
-			$F->type		= $type;
-			$F->default		= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= $length;
-			$F->primary_key = ( $field->Key == 'PRI' ? 1 : 0 );
+			$F		= new stdClass();
+			$F->name	= $field->Field;
+			$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
+			$F->default	= $field->Default;
+			$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
+			$F->primary_key = (int) ($field->Key === 'PRI');
 
 			$retval[] = $F;
 		}
@@ -121,9 +112,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -137,14 +128,13 @@
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
 	 * result set starts at zero
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return mysql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -156,10 +146,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return mysql_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -171,16 +160,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object()
 	{
 		return mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysql_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
index 7035241..9d7cb67 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SHOW DATABASES";
+		return 'SHOW DATABASES';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,13 +51,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return "OPTIMIZE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -70,26 +66,24 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return "REPAIR TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	/**
 	 * MySQL Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
-		if (count($params) == 0)
+		if (count($params) === 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -99,16 +93,16 @@
 
 		// Build the output
 		$output = '';
-		foreach ((array)$tables as $table)
+		foreach ( (array) $tables as $table)
 		{
 			// Is the table in the "ignore" list?
-			if (in_array($table, (array)$ignore, TRUE))
+			if (in_array($table, (array) $ignore, TRUE))
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			// Get the table schema
-			$query = $this->db->query("SHOW CREATE TABLE `".$this->db->database.'`.`'.$table.'`');
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($this->db->database).'.'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
 			// No result means the table name was invalid
 			if ($query === FALSE)
@@ -121,7 +115,7 @@
 
 			if ($add_drop == TRUE)
 			{
-				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$table.';'.$newline.$newline;
+				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.($this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -141,7 +135,7 @@
 			}
 
 			// Grab all the data from the current table
-			$query = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM $table");
+			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
 			if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 			{
@@ -149,7 +143,7 @@
 			}
 
 			// Fetch the field names and determine if the field is an
-			// integer type.  We use this info to decide whether to
+			// integer type. We use this info to decide whether to
 			// surround the data with quotes or not
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -158,20 +152,17 @@
 			while ($field = mysql_fetch_field($query->result_id))
 			{
 				// Most versions of MySQL store timestamp as a string
-				$is_int[$i] = (in_array(
-										strtolower(mysql_field_type($query->result_id, $i)),
-										array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
-										TRUE)
-										) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+				$is_int[$i] = in_array(strtolower(mysql_field_type($query->result_id, $i)),
+							array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
+							TRUE);
 
 				// Create a string of field names
-				$field_str .= '`'.$field->name.'`, ';
+				$field_str .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($field->name).', ';
 				$i++;
 			}
 
 			// Trim off the end comma
-			$field_str = preg_replace( "/, $/" , "" , $field_str);
-
+			$field_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $field_str);
 
 			// Build the insert string
 			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
@@ -189,14 +180,7 @@
 					else
 					{
 						// Escape the data if it's not an integer
-						if ($is_int[$i] == FALSE)
-						{
-							$val_str .= $this->db->escape($v);
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							$val_str .= $v;
-						}
+						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] == FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
 					}
 
 					// Append a comma
@@ -205,10 +189,10 @@
 				}
 
 				// Remove the comma at the end of the string
-				$val_str = preg_replace( "/, $/" , "" , $val_str);
+				$val_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $val_str);
 
 				// Build the INSERT string
-				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
+				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$output .= $newline.$newline;
@@ -216,7 +200,8 @@
 
 		return $output;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file mysql_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index aff62a3..a79b2a4 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
- * MySQLi Database Adapter Class - MySQLi only works with PHP 5
+ * MySQLi Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
  * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
@@ -42,52 +40,40 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
+	public $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
 
 	// The character used for escaping
-	var $_escape_char = '`';
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
 	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
+	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
 
 	/**
 	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
 	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
 	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
 	 */
-	var $delete_hack = TRUE;
-
-	// whether SET NAMES must be used to set the character set
-	var $use_set_names;
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect()
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			return @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
-		}
-
+		return ($this->port != '')
+			? @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
+			: @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -95,12 +81,19 @@
 	/**
 	 * Persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return $this->db_connect();
+		// Persistent connection support was added in PHP 5.3.0
+		if ( ! is_php('5.3'))
+		{
+			return $this->db_connect();
+		}
+
+		return ($this->port != '')
+			? @mysqli_connect('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
+			: @mysqli_connect('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -111,10 +104,9 @@
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (mysqli_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -127,10 +119,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $this->database);
 	}
@@ -140,12 +131,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
 		return function_exists('mysqli_set_charset')
 			? @mysqli_set_charset($this->conn_id, $charset)
@@ -157,12 +147,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Version number query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	protected function _version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		return @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -170,15 +159,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		$result = @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
-		return $result;
+		return @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, $this->_prep_query($sql));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -188,20 +174,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
-		// "DELETE FROM TABLE" returns 0 affected rows This hack modifies
-		// the query so that it returns the number of affected rows
-		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE)
+		// mysqli_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+		// modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
-			{
-				$sql = preg_replace("/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/", "DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1", $sql);
-			}
+			return preg_replace('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/', 'DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1', $sql);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -212,18 +194,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -231,7 +207,7 @@
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
 		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
@@ -243,18 +219,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -269,18 +239,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -295,12 +259,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
@@ -312,7 +275,7 @@
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('mysqli_real_escape_string') AND is_object($this->conn_id))
+		if (function_exists('mysqli_real_escape_string') && is_object($this->conn_id))
 		{
 			$str = mysqli_real_escape_string($this->conn_id, $str);
 		}
@@ -328,7 +291,7 @@
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -339,10 +302,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -352,10 +314,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_insert_id($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -368,27 +329,25 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
 	 * the specified database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function count_all($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
+		$query = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -399,16 +358,16 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
 	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM ".$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -421,13 +380,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -437,13 +395,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "DESCRIBE ".$table;
+		return 'DESCRIBE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -451,10 +408,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * The error message string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	protected function _error_message()
 	{
 		return mysqli_error($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -464,10 +420,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * The error message number
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	protected function _error_number()
 	{
 		return mysqli_errno($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -479,11 +434,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * This function escapes column and table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
 	{
 		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
 		{
@@ -494,24 +448,20 @@
 		{
 			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
 
 				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
 		}
 
 		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -522,11 +472,10 @@
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
 	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($tables))
 		{
@@ -543,15 +492,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -561,15 +509,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -580,17 +527,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -598,7 +544,6 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
@@ -606,24 +551,17 @@
 	 * @param	array	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
+			.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '')
+			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
+			.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -633,17 +571,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$ids[] = $val[$index];
@@ -657,25 +592,19 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
 		$cases = '';
-
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '';
 
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2)
+			.' WHERE '.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '')
+			.$index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -687,13 +616,12 @@
 	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
 	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -703,31 +631,26 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
-
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
 			}
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -737,22 +660,15 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-		if ($offset > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$limit
+			.($offset > 0 ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -760,18 +676,15 @@
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
+	 * @param	object
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
 	{
 		@mysqli_close($conn_id);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysqli_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
index 590efa9..7de0361 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQLi Forge Class
  *
@@ -39,13 +37,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
+	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -53,13 +50,12 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function _drop_database($name)
 	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'DROP DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,68 +63,35 @@
 	/**
 	 * Process Fields
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	public function _process_fields($fields)
 	{
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 		$sql = '';
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
+					.( ! empty($attributes['NAME']) ? ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ' : '')
+					.( ! empty($attributes['TYPE']) ? ' '.$attributes['TYPE'] : '')
+					.( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')' : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -146,15 +109,14 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -163,15 +125,12 @@
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name." (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -180,22 +139,20 @@
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY {$key_name} (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $key).')';
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET {$this->db->char_set} COLLATE {$this->db->dbcollat};";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ".$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat.';';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -203,12 +160,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -219,31 +175,24 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
 	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
 	 * @param	string	the column name
 	 * @param	array	fields
 	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.$this->_process_fields($fields)
+			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -253,18 +202,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the old table name
 	 * @param	string	the new table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	public function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file mysqli_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 89dd4de..0a50ccc 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQLi Result Class
  *
@@ -41,10 +39,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -54,10 +51,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,10 +65,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
 		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_field($this->result_id))
@@ -90,40 +85,36 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
 		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id))
 		{
 			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
 
-			$type = (array_key_exists(1, $matches)) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$length = (array_key_exists(2, $matches)) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->Field;
-			$F->type		= $type;
-			$F->default		= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= $length;
-			$F->primary_key = ( $field->Key == 'PRI' ? 1 : 0 );
+			$F		= new stdClass();
+			$F->name	= $field->Field;
+			$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
+			$F->default	= $field->Default;
+			$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
+			$F->primary_key = (int) ($field->Key === 'PRI');
 
 			$retval[] = $F;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -141,10 +132,9 @@
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
 	 * result set starts at zero
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return mysqli_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -156,10 +146,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return mysqli_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -171,16 +160,14 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object()
 	{
 		return mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysqli_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
index 76bd49e..3fdc5c7 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQLi Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SHOW DATABASES";
+		return 'SHOW DATABASES';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,13 +51,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return "OPTIMIZE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -70,13 +66,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return "REPAIR TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -84,11 +79,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * MySQLi Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
@@ -96,4 +90,4 @@
 }
 
 /* End of file mysqli_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 4f4f44b..de2b0ab 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -46,9 +46,10 @@
 
 	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
 	var $_escape_char = '';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
 	var $_like_escape_str;
 	var $_like_escape_chr;
-	
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
@@ -57,29 +58,36 @@
 	 */
 	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
 	var $_random_keyword;
-	
+
+	// need to track the pdo DSN, driver and options
+	var $dsn;
+	var $pdodriver;
 	var $options = array();
 
 	function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
-		
+
+		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) == 2)
+		{
+			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
+			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
+			$this->pdodriver = end($match);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Try to build a complete DSN string from params
+			$this->_connect_string($params);
+		}
+
 		// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'mysql') !== FALSE)
+		// this one depends on the driver being used
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
-			
-			//Prior to this version, the charset can't be set in the dsn
-			if(is_php('5.3.6'))
-			{
-				$this->hostname .= ";charset={$this->char_set}";
-			}
-			
-			//Set the charset with the connection options
-			$this->options['PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND'] = "SET NAMES {$this->char_set}";
 		}
-		else if (strpos($this->hostname, 'odbc') !== FALSE)
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'odbc')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
@@ -90,17 +98,97 @@
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
 		}
 		
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') === FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->hostname .= ";dbname=".$this->database;
-		}
-		
-		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
-
+		$this->trans_enabled   = FALSE;
 		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Connection String
+	 *
+	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _connect_string($params)
+	{
+		if (strpos($this->hostname, ':'))
+		{
+			// hostname generally would have this prototype
+			// $db['hostname'] = 'pdodriver:host(/Server(/DSN))=hostname(/DSN);';
+			// We need to get the prefix (pdodriver used by PDO).
+			$dsnarray = explode(':', $this->hostname);
+			$this->pdodriver = $dsnarray[0];
+
+			// End dsn with a semicolon for extra backward compability
+			// if database property was not empty.
+			if ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= rtrim($this->hostname, ';').';';
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Invalid DSN, display an error
+			if ( ! array_key_exists('pdodriver', $params))
+			{
+				show_error('Invalid DB Connection String for PDO');
+			}
+
+			// Assuming that the following DSN string format is used:
+			// $dsn = 'pdo://username:password@hostname:port/database?pdodriver=pgsql';
+			$this->dsn = $this->pdodriver.':';
+
+			// Add hostname to the DSN for databases that need it
+			if ( ! empty($this->hostname) 
+				&& strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
+				&& in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->hostname.';';
+			}
+
+			// Add a port to the DSN for databases that can use it
+			if ( ! empty($this->port) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'ibm', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the database name to the DSN, if needed
+	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE 
+	       && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'pgsql', 'mysql', 'firebird', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.';';
+	    }
+	    elseif (stripos($this->dsn, 'database') === FALSE && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('ibm', 'sqlsrv')))
+	    {
+	    	if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dsn') === FALSE)
+	    	{
+		        $this->dsn .= 'database='.$this->database.';';
+	    	}
+	    }
+	    elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite' && $this->dsn === 'sqlite:')
+	    {
+	        if ($this->database !== ':memory')
+	        {
+	            if ( ! file_exists($this->database))
+	            {
+	                show_error('Invalid DB Connection string for PDO SQLite');
+	            }
+
+	            $this->dsn .= (strpos($this->database, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) !== 0) ? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : '';
+	        }
+
+	        $this->dsn .= $this->database;
+	    }
+
+	    // Add charset to the DSN, if needed
+	    if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'mysql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'oci')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'charset='.$this->char_set.';';
+	    }
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
 	 * @access	private called by the base class
@@ -108,9 +196,9 @@
 	 */
 	function db_connect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -123,10 +211,44 @@
 	 */
 	function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT'] = TRUE;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE]    = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
 	
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * PDO connection
+	 *
+	 * @access	private called by the PDO driver class
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	function pdo_connect()
+	{
+		// Refer : http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' && is_php('5.3.6'))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = "SET NAMES $this->char_set COLLATE '$this->dbcollat'";
+		}
+
+		// Connecting...
+		try 
+		{
+			$db = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		} 
+		catch (PDOException $e) 
+		{
+			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
+			{
+				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $db;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -146,6 +268,7 @@
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -175,7 +298,6 @@
 	 */
 	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -204,6 +326,7 @@
 	function _execute($sql)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+
 		$result_id = $this->conn_id->query($sql);
 		
 		if (is_object($result_id))
@@ -231,6 +354,17 @@
 	 */
 	function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for Postgre
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '"', $sql);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for SQLite
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '', $sql);
+		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -285,6 +419,7 @@
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn->commit();
+		
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -310,6 +445,7 @@
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn_id->rollBack();
+
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -348,7 +484,9 @@
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
 			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
 								$str);
 		}
 
@@ -378,9 +516,9 @@
 	 */
 	function insert_id($name=NULL)
 	{
-		//Convenience method for postgres insertid
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'pgsql') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
 		{
+			//Convenience method for postgres insertid
 			$v = $this->_version();
 
 			$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
@@ -389,8 +527,10 @@
 			{
 				$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
 			}
+
 			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
+			$row   = $query->row();
+
 			return $row->ins_id;
 		}
 		else
@@ -418,7 +558,9 @@
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$sql   = $this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM ';
+		$sql  .= $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
@@ -427,6 +569,7 @@
 
 		$row = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
+
 		return (int) $row->numrows;
 	}
 
@@ -443,12 +586,19 @@
 	 */
 	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Analog function to show all tables in postgre
+			$sql = "SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		}
 
 		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			return FALSE; 
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -467,7 +617,7 @@
 	 */
 	function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,7 +633,7 @@
 	 */
 	function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -497,6 +647,7 @@
 	function _error_message()
 	{
 		$error_array = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
+
 		return $error_array[2];
 	}
 
@@ -544,8 +695,8 @@
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-			
+			$str  = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
+			$str .= $this->_escape_char;
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -575,7 +726,7 @@
 			$tables = array($tables);
 		}
 
-		return (count($tables) == 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return (count($tables) == 1) ? '`'.$tables[0].'`' : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -593,7 +744,7 @@
 	 */
 	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 	
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -611,7 +762,7 @@
 	 */
 	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -636,14 +787,11 @@
 			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+		$limit   = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1) ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '';
 
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
+		$sql  = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr);
+		$sql .= ($where != '' && count($where) >= 1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
 		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -664,8 +812,8 @@
 	 */
 	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
+		$ids   = array();
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
 
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -680,12 +828,13 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
+		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET ';
 		$cases = '';
 
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
+
 			foreach ($v as $row)
 			{
 				$cases .= $row."\n";
@@ -695,7 +844,6 @@
 		}
 
 		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
 		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -739,19 +887,20 @@
 
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions  = "\nWHERE ";
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
 				$conditions .= " AND ";
 			}
+
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
 		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).$conditions.$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -769,27 +918,16 @@
 	 */
 	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'cubrid') !== FALSE || strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'cubrid' OR $this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
 		{
-			if ($offset == 0)
-			{
-				$offset = '';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$offset .= ", ";
-			}
+			$offset = ($offset == 0) ? '' : $offset.', ';
 
-			return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+			return $sql.'LIMIT '.$offset.$limit;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-			}
+			$sql .= 'LIMIT '.$limit;
+			$sql .= ($offset > 0) ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '';
 			
 			return $sql;
 		}
@@ -809,10 +947,7 @@
 		$this->conn_id = null;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
-
-
 /* End of file pdo_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 0764159..478b2db 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= '`'.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).'` (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+				$numeric    = array('SERIAL', 'INTEGER');
 
 				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
 
@@ -118,7 +119,11 @@
 
 				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
 				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					// Exception for Postgre numeric which not too happy with constraint within those type
+					if ( ! ($this->db->pdodriver == 'pgsql' && in_array($attributes['TYPE'], $numeric)))
+					{
+						$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					}
 				}
 
 				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
@@ -219,7 +224,7 @@
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)."` $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -271,7 +276,6 @@
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file pdo_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 6b523b0..c333abc 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@
 class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * @var bool  Hold the flag whether a result handler already fetched before
+	 */
+	protected $is_fetched = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var mixed Hold the fetched assoc array of a result handler
+	 */
+	protected $result_assoc;
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
 	 * @access	public
@@ -46,7 +56,59 @@
 	 */
 	function num_rows()
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->rowCount();
+		if (empty($this->result_id) OR ! is_object($this->result_id))
+		{
+			// invalid result handler
+			return 0;
+		}
+		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) && $num_rows > 0)
+		{
+			// If rowCount return something, we're done.
+			return $num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Fetch the result, instead perform another extra query
+		return ($this->is_fetched && is_array($this->result_assoc)) ? count($this->result_assoc) : count($this->result_assoc());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch the result handler
+	 *
+	 * @access	public
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function result_assoc()
+	{
+		// If the result already fetched before, use that one
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $this->is_fetched)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array();
+		}
+
+		// Define the output
+		$output = array('assoc', 'object');
+
+		// Fetch the result
+		foreach ($output as $type)
+		{
+			// Define the method and handler
+			$res_method  = '_fetch_'.$type;
+			$res_handler = 'result_'.$type;
+			
+			$this->$res_handler = array();
+			$this->_data_seek(0);
+
+			while ($row = $this->$res_method())
+			{
+				$this->{$res_handler}[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Save this as buffer and marked the fetch flag
+		$this->result_array = $this->result_assoc;
+		$this->is_fetched = TRUE;
+
+		return $this->result_assoc;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -78,6 +140,7 @@
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+		
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -110,6 +173,7 @@
 			{
 				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -178,6 +242,5 @@
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file pdo_result.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/download_helper.php b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
index 4a1a79c..aea948d 100644
--- a/system/helpers/download_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
@@ -88,26 +88,20 @@
 		{
 			$mime = (is_array($mimes[$extension])) ? $mimes[$extension][0] : $mimes[$extension];
 		}
-
+		
 		// Generate the server headers
-		if (strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], "MSIE") !== FALSE)
+		header('Content-Type: "'.$mime.'"');
+		header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
+		header('Expires: 0');
+		header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
+		header("Content-Length: ".strlen($data));
+		header('Pragma: no-cache');
+
+		// Internet Explorer-specific headers.
+		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], "MSIE") !== FALSE)
 		{
-			header('Content-Type: "'.$mime.'"');
-			header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
-			header('Expires: 0');
 			header('Cache-Control: must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0');
-			header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
 			header('Pragma: public');
-			header("Content-Length: ".strlen($data));
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			header('Content-Type: "'.$mime.'"');
-			header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
-			header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
-			header('Expires: 0');
-			header('Pragma: no-cache');
-			header("Content-Length: ".strlen($data));
 		}
 
 		exit($data);
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
index 93993d0..a3dd469 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
 	{
+		$ttl = (int) $ttl;
 		return apc_store($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), $ttl);
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
index 4a81b04..a960730 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 
 		if (write_file($this->_cache_path.$id, serialize($contents)))
 		{
-			@chmod($this->_cache_path.$id, 0777);
+			@chmod($this->_cache_path.$id, 0660);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Encrypt.php b/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
index e297576..0b06189 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Encryption Class
  *
@@ -46,15 +44,10 @@
 	protected $_mcrypt_cipher;
 	protected $_mcrypt_mode;
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Simply determines whether the mcrypt library exists.
-	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->_mcrypt_exists = ( ! function_exists('mcrypt_encrypt')) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		log_message('debug', "Encrypt Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Encrypt Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -95,7 +88,7 @@
 	 * Set the encryption key
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_key($key = '')
 	{
@@ -122,18 +115,8 @@
 	 */
 	public function encode($string, $key = '')
 	{
-		$key = $this->get_key($key);
-
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$enc = $this->mcrypt_encode($string, $key);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$enc = $this->_xor_encode($string, $key);
-		}
-
-		return base64_encode($enc);
+		$method = ($this->_mcrypt_exists === TRUE) ? 'mcrypt_encode' : '_xor_encode';
+		return base64_encode($this->$method($string, $this->get_key($key)));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -149,28 +132,13 @@
 	 */
 	public function decode($string, $key = '')
 	{
-		$key = $this->get_key($key);
-
 		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$dec = base64_decode($string);
-
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			if (($dec = $this->mcrypt_decode($dec, $key)) === FALSE)
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$dec = $this->_xor_decode($dec, $key);
-		}
-
-		return $dec;
+		$method = ($this->_mcrypt_exists === TRUE) ? 'mcrypt_decode' : '_xor_decode';
+		return $this->$method(base64_decode($string), $this->get_key($key));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -197,6 +165,10 @@
 			log_message('error', 'Encoding from legacy is available only when Mcrypt is in use.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+		elseif (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
 		// decode it first
 		// set mode temporarily to what it was when string was encoded with the legacy
@@ -205,14 +177,7 @@
 		$this->set_mode($legacy_mode);
 
 		$key = $this->get_key($key);
-
-		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
 		$dec = base64_decode($string);
-
 		if (($dec = $this->mcrypt_decode($dec, $key)) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -242,17 +207,18 @@
 	protected function _xor_encode($string, $key)
 	{
 		$rand = '';
-		while (strlen($rand) < 32)
+		do
 		{
 			$rand .= mt_rand(0, mt_getrandmax());
 		}
+		while (strlen($rand) < 32);
 
 		$rand = $this->hash($rand);
 
 		$enc = '';
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $ls = strlen($string), $lr = strlen($rand); $i < $ls; $i++)
 		{
-			$enc .= substr($rand, ($i % strlen($rand)), 1).(substr($rand, ($i % strlen($rand)), 1) ^ substr($string, $i, 1));
+			$enc .= $rand[($i % $lr)].($rand[($i % $lr)] ^ $string[$i]);
 		}
 
 		return $this->_xor_merge($enc, $key);
@@ -275,9 +241,9 @@
 		$string = $this->_xor_merge($string, $key);
 
 		$dec = '';
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($string); $i < $l; $i++)
 		{
-			$dec .= (substr($string, $i++, 1) ^ substr($string, $i, 1));
+			$dec .= ($string[$i++] ^ $string[$i]);
 		}
 
 		return $dec;
@@ -298,9 +264,9 @@
 	{
 		$hash = $this->hash($key);
 		$str = '';
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $ls = strlen($string), $lh = strlen($hash); $i < $ls; $i++)
 		{
-			$str .= substr($string, $i, 1) ^ substr($hash, ($i % strlen($hash)), 1);
+			$str .= $string[$i] ^ $hash[($i % $lh)];
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -359,18 +325,17 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _add_cipher_noise($data, $key)
 	{
-		$keyhash = $this->hash($key);
-		$keylen = strlen($keyhash);
+		$key = $this->hash($key);
 		$str = '';
 
-		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $len = strlen($data); $i < $len; ++$i, ++$j)
+		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $ld = strlen($data), $lk = strlen($key); $i < $ld; ++$i, ++$j)
 		{
-			if ($j >= $keylen)
+			if ($j >= $lk)
 			{
 				$j = 0;
 			}
 
-			$str .= chr((ord($data[$i]) + ord($keyhash[$j])) % 256);
+			$str .= chr((ord($data[$i]) + ord($key[$j])) % 256);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -389,22 +354,21 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_cipher_noise($data, $key)
 	{
-		$keyhash = $this->hash($key);
-		$keylen = strlen($keyhash);
+		$key = $this->hash($key);
 		$str = '';
 
-		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $len = strlen($data); $i < $len; ++$i, ++$j)
+		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $ld = strlen($data), $lk = strlen($key); $i < $ld; ++$i, ++$j)
 		{
-			if ($j >= $keylen)
+			if ($j >= $lk)
 			{
 				$j = 0;
 			}
 
-			$temp = ord($data[$i]) - ord($keyhash[$j]);
+			$temp = ord($data[$i]) - ord($key[$j]);
 
 			if ($temp < 0)
 			{
-				$temp = $temp + 256;
+				$temp += 256;
 			}
 
 			$str .= chr($temp);
@@ -435,7 +399,7 @@
 	 * @param	constant
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function set_mode($mode)
+	public function set_mode($mode)
 	{
 		$this->_mcrypt_mode = $mode;
 		return $this;
@@ -452,7 +416,7 @@
 	{
 		if ($this->_mcrypt_cipher == '')
 		{
-			$this->_mcrypt_cipher = MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256;
+			return $this->_mcrypt_cipher = MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256;
 		}
 
 		return $this->_mcrypt_cipher;
@@ -469,7 +433,7 @@
 	{
 		if ($this->_mcrypt_mode == '')
 		{
-			$this->_mcrypt_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_CBC;
+			return $this->_mcrypt_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_CBC;
 		}
 
 		return $this->_mcrypt_mode;
@@ -481,11 +445,11 @@
 	 * Set the Hash type
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_hash($type = 'sha1')
 	{
-		$this->_hash_type = ($type != 'sha1' AND $type != 'md5') ? 'sha1' : $type;
+		$this->_hash_type = ($type !== 'sha1' && $type !== 'md5') ? 'sha1' : $type;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -498,11 +462,9 @@
 	 */
 	public function hash($str)
 	{
-		return ($this->_hash_type == 'sha1') ? sha1($str) : md5($str);
+		return ($this->_hash_type === 'sha1') ? sha1($str) : md5($str);
 	}
 }
 
-// END CI_Encrypt class
-
 /* End of file Encrypt.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Encrypt.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Encrypt.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
index a226ae8..5ea830f 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Image Manipulation class
  *
@@ -88,12 +86,6 @@
 	protected $wm_use_drop_shadow	= FALSE;
 	public $wm_use_truetype	= FALSE;
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
 	public function __construct($props = array())
 	{
 		if (count($props) > 0)
@@ -101,7 +93,7 @@
 			$this->initialize($props);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Image Lib Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Image Lib Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -158,9 +150,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function initialize($props = array())
 	{
-		/*
-		 * Convert array elements into class variables
-		 */
+		// Convert array elements into class variables
 		if (count($props) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($props as $key => $val)
@@ -195,25 +185,18 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is there a source image?
-		 *
-		 * If not, there's no reason to continue
-		 *
-		 */
+		// Is there a source image? If not, there's no reason to continue
 		if ($this->source_image == '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_source_image_required');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is getimagesize() Available?
+		/* Is getimagesize() available?
 		 *
 		 * We use it to determine the image properties (width/height).
-		 * Note:  We need to figure out how to determine image
+		 * Note: We need to figure out how to determine image
 		 * properties using ImageMagick and NetPBM
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ( ! function_exists('getimagesize'))
 		{
@@ -223,17 +206,15 @@
 
 		$this->image_library = strtolower($this->image_library);
 
-		/*
-		 * Set the full server path
+		/* Set the full server path
 		 *
 		 * The source image may or may not contain a path.
 		 * Either way, we'll try use realpath to generate the
 		 * full server path in order to more reliably read it.
-		 *
 		 */
-		if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
+		if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$full_source_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->source_image));
+			$full_source_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->source_image));
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -255,64 +236,58 @@
 		 *
 		 * If the user has set a "new_image" name it means
 		 * we are making a copy of the source image. If not
-		 * it means we are altering the original.  We'll
+		 * it means we are altering the original. We'll
 		 * set the destination filename and path accordingly.
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ($this->new_image == '')
 		{
 			$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
 			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
 		}
+		elseif (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
+			$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+		}
 		else
 		{
-			if (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE)
+			if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($this->new_image) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
-				$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+				$full_dest_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->new_image));
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->new_image) !== FALSE)
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->new_image));
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
-				}
+				$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
+			}
 
-				// Is there a file name?
-				if ( ! preg_match("#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i", $full_dest_path))
-				{
-					$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
-					$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
-					$this->dest_image = end($x);
-					$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
-				}
+			// Is there a file name?
+			if ( ! preg_match('#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i', $full_dest_path))
+			{
+				$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
+				$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
+				$this->dest_image = end($x);
+				$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Compile the finalized filenames/paths
+		/* Compile the finalized filenames/paths
 		 *
 		 * We'll create two master strings containing the
 		 * full server path to the source image and the
 		 * full server path to the destination image.
 		 * We'll also split the destination image name
 		 * so we can insert the thumbnail marker if needed.
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker == '')
 		{
 			$this->thumb_marker = '';
 		}
 
-		$xp	= $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
+		$xp = $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
 
 		$filename = $xp['name'];
 		$file_ext = $xp['ext'];
@@ -320,54 +295,55 @@
 		$this->full_src_path = $this->source_folder.$this->source_image;
 		$this->full_dst_path = $this->dest_folder.$filename.$this->thumb_marker.$file_ext;
 
-		/*
-		 * Should we maintain image proportions?
+		/* Should we maintain image proportions?
 		 *
 		 * When creating thumbs or copies, the target width/height
 		 * might not be in correct proportion with the source
-		 * image's width/height.  We'll recalculate it here.
-		 *
+		 * image's width/height. We'll recalculate it here.
 		 */
-		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != '' AND $this->height != ''))
+		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != 0 OR $this->height != 0))
 		{
 			$this->image_reproportion();
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Was a width and height specified?
+		/* Was a width and height specified?
 		 *
-		 * If the destination width/height was
-		 * not submitted we will use the values
-		 * from the actual file
-		 *
+		 * If the destination width/height was not submitted we
+		 * will use the values from the actual file
 		 */
 		if ($this->width == '')
+		{
 			$this->width = $this->orig_width;
+		}
 
 		if ($this->height == '')
+		{
 			$this->height = $this->orig_height;
+		}
 
 		// Set the quality
-		$this->quality = trim(str_replace("%", "", $this->quality));
+		$this->quality = trim(str_replace('%', '', $this->quality));
 
-		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! is_numeric($this->quality))
+		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->quality))
+		{
 			$this->quality = 90;
+		}
 
 		// Set the x/y coordinates
-		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
-		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
+		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
+		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
 
 		// Watermark-related Stuff...
 		if ($this->wm_overlay_path != '')
 		{
-			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
+			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
 		}
 
 		if ($this->wm_shadow_color != '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = TRUE;
 		}
-		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE AND $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
+		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE && $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = FALSE;
 		}
@@ -445,22 +421,16 @@
 			$this->height	= $this->orig_height;
 		}
 
-
 		// Choose resizing function
-		if ($this->image_library == 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library == 'netpbm')
+		if ($this->image_library === 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library === 'netpbm')
 		{
 			$protocol = 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
 			return $this->$protocol('rotate');
 		}
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle == 'vrt')
-		{
-			return $this->image_mirror_gd();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->image_rotate_gd();
-		}
+		return ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+			? $this->image_mirror_gd()
+			: $this->image_rotate_gd();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -479,9 +449,9 @@
 
 		// If the target width/height match the source, AND if the new file name is not equal to the old file name
 		// we'll simply make a copy of the original with the new name... assuming dynamic rendering is off.
-		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE AND $this->orig_width == $this->width AND $this->orig_height == $this->height)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE && $this->orig_width == $this->width && $this->orig_height == $this->height)
 		{
-			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image AND @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
+			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image && @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
 			{
 				@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 			}
@@ -492,7 +462,7 @@
 		// Let's set up our values based on the action
 		if ($action == 'crop')
 		{
-			//  Reassign the source width/height if cropping
+			// Reassign the source width/height if cropping
 			$this->orig_width  = $this->width;
 			$this->orig_height = $this->height;
 
@@ -516,14 +486,15 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Create The Image
-		//
-		//  old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
-		//  it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
-		//  below should that ever prove inaccurate.
-		//
-		//  if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') AND $v2_override == FALSE)
-		if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
+		/* Create the image
+		 *
+		 * Old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
+		 * it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
+		 * below should that ever prove inaccurate.
+		 *
+		 * if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') && $v2_override == FALSE)
+		 */
+		if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
 		{
 			$create	= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
 			$copy	= 'imagecopyresampled';
@@ -544,21 +515,17 @@
 
 		$copy($dst_img, $src_img, 0, 0, $this->x_axis, $this->y_axis, $this->width, $this->height, $this->orig_width, $this->orig_height);
 
-		//  Show the image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // Or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
@@ -587,42 +554,34 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match("/convert$/i", $this->library_path))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/convert$/i', $this->library_path))
 		{
 			$this->library_path = rtrim($this->library_path, '/').'/convert';
 		}
 
 		// Execute the command
-		$cmd = $this->library_path." -quality ".$this->quality;
+		$cmd = $this->library_path.' -quality '.$this->quality;
 
 		if ($action == 'crop')
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -crop ".$this->width."x".$this->height."+".$this->x_axis."+".$this->y_axis." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -crop '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'+'.$this->x_axis.'+'.$this->y_axis.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path .'" 2>&1';
 		}
 		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
 		{
-			switch ($this->rotation_angle)
-			{
-				case 'hor'	: $angle = '-flop';
-					break;
-				case 'vrt'	: $angle = '-flip';
-					break;
-				default		: $angle = '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
-					break;
-			}
+			$angle = ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+					? '-flop' : '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
 
-			$cmd .= " ".$angle." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' '.$angle.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
 		}
-		else  // Resize
+		else // Resize
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -resize ".$this->width."x".$this->height." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
 		}
 
 		$retval = 1;
-
 		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
 
-		//	Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -653,7 +612,7 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Build the resizing command
+		// Build the resizing command
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
 			case 1 :
@@ -700,10 +659,9 @@
 		$cmd = $this->library_path.$cmd_in.' '.$this->full_src_path.' | '.$cmd_inner.' | '.$cmd_out.' > '.$this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp';
 
 		$retval = 1;
-
 		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
 
-		//  Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -714,7 +672,7 @@
 		// If you try manipulating the original it fails so
 		// we have to rename the temp file.
 		copy ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
-		unlink ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
+		unlink($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -729,7 +687,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function image_rotate_gd()
 	{
-		//  Create the image handle
+		// Create the image handle
 		if ( ! ($src_img = $this->image_create_gd()))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -742,29 +700,24 @@
 
 		$white	= imagecolorallocate($src_img, 255, 255, 255);
 
-		//  Rotate it!
+		// Rotate it!
 		$dst_img = imagerotate($src_img, $this->rotation_angle, $white);
 
-		//  Save the Image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
 		// Set the file to 777
-
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -789,7 +742,7 @@
 		$width  = $this->orig_width;
 		$height = $this->orig_height;
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor')
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor')
 		{
 			for ($i = 0; $i < $height; $i++, $left = 0, $right = $width-1)
 			{
@@ -824,21 +777,17 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Show the image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
 		// Set the file to 777
@@ -860,14 +809,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function watermark()
 	{
-		if ($this->wm_type == 'overlay')
-		{
-			return $this->overlay_watermark();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->text_watermark();
-		}
+		return ($this->wm_type === 'overlay') ? $this->overlay_watermark() : $this->text_watermark();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -885,28 +827,28 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
-		//  Fetch watermark image properties
-		$props			= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
+		// Fetch watermark image properties
+		$props		= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
 		$wm_img_type	= $props['image_type'];
-		$wm_width		= $props['width'];
-		$wm_height		= $props['height'];
+		$wm_width	= $props['width'];
+		$wm_height	= $props['height'];
 
-		//  Create two image resources
+		// Create two image resources
 		$wm_img  = $this->image_create_gd($this->wm_overlay_path, $wm_img_type);
 		$src_img = $this->image_create_gd($this->full_src_path);
 
 		// Reverse the offset if necessary
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Same with the horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Same with the horizontal
 		// offset when the image is at the right
 
-		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
-		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
@@ -914,34 +856,32 @@
 		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
 
-		//  Set the base x and y axis values
+		// Set the base x and y axis values
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		//  Set the vertical position
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set the vertical position
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
 		}
 
-		//  Set the horizontal position
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
+		// Set the horizontal position
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
 		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'C':	$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'R':	$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
-				break;
+			$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+		{
+			$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
 		}
 
 		//  Build the finalized image
-		if ($wm_img_type == 3 AND function_exists('imagealphablending'))
+		if ($wm_img_type == 3 && function_exists('imagealphablending'))
 		{
 			@imagealphablending($src_img, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -963,12 +903,12 @@
 			imagecopymerge($src_img, $wm_img, $x_axis, $y_axis, 0, 0, $wm_width, $wm_height, $this->wm_opacity);
 		}
 
-		//  Output the image
+		// Output the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -993,20 +933,20 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE AND ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE && ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_missing_font');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
 		// Reverse the vertical offset
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Note: The horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
 		// offset flips itself automatically
 
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
@@ -1039,49 +979,39 @@
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		// Set verticle alignment
 		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == FALSE)
 			$this->wm_shadow_distance = 0;
 
 		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
 		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
 
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set verticle alignment
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height/2)+($fontheight/2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight/2));
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) + ($fontheight / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight / 2);
 		}
 
 		$x_shad = $x_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 		$y_shad = $y_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 
-		// Set horizontal alignment
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
-		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'R':
-				if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				{
-					$x_shad += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-					$x_axis += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-				}
-				break;
-			case 'C':
-				if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				{
-					$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-					$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-				}
-				break;
-		}
-
 		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
 		{
+			// Set horizontal alignment
+			if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+			{
+				$x_shad += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text));
+				$x_axis += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text));
+			}
+			elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
+			{
+				$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
+				$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
+			}
+
 			/* Set RGB values for text and shadow
 			 *
 			 * First character is #, so we don't really need it.
@@ -1093,7 +1023,7 @@
 			$drp_color = str_split(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 1, 6), 2);
 			$drp_color = imagecolorclosest($src_img, hexdec($drp_color[0]), hexdec($drp_color[1]), hexdec($drp_color[2]));
 
-			//  Add the text to the source image
+			// Add the text to the source image
 			if ($this->wm_use_truetype)
 			{
 				imagettftext($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, 0, $x_shad, $y_shad, $drp_color, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
@@ -1106,7 +1036,7 @@
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Output the final image
+		// Output the final image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
@@ -1250,8 +1180,8 @@
 	 */
 	public function image_display_gd($resource)
 	{
-		header("Content-Disposition: filename={$this->source_image};");
-		header("Content-Type: {$this->mime_type}");
+		header('Content-Disposition: filename='.$this->source_image.';');
+		header('Content-Type: '.$this->mime_type);
 		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
 		header('Last-Modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', time()).' GMT');
 
@@ -1284,33 +1214,43 @@
 	 */
 	public function image_reproportion()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->width) OR ! is_numeric($this->height) OR $this->width == 0 OR $this->height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->orig_width) OR ! is_numeric($this->orig_height) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		$new_width	= ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
-		$new_height	= ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
-
-		$ratio = (($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width));
-
-		if ($this->master_dim != 'width' AND $this->master_dim != 'height')
+		if (($this->width == 0 && $this->height == 0) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0
+			OR ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->width) && ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->height))
+			OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_width) OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_height))
 		{
-			$this->master_dim = ($ratio < 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
+			return;
 		}
 
-		if (($this->width != $new_width) AND ($this->height != $new_height))
+		// Sanitize so we don't call preg_match() anymore
+		$this->width = (int) $this->width;
+		$this->height = (int) $this->height;
+
+		if ($this->master_dim !== 'width' && $this->master_dim !== 'height')
 		{
-			if ($this->master_dim == 'height')
+			if ($this->width > 0 && $this->height > 0)
 			{
-				$this->width = $new_width;
+				$this->master_dim = ((($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width)) < 0)
+							? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$this->height = $new_height;
+				$this->master_dim = ($this->height === 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 		}
+		elseif (($this->master_dim === 'width' && $this->width === 0)
+			OR ($this->master_dim === 'height' && $this->height === 0))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->master_dim === 'width')
+		{
+			$this->height = (int) ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->width = (int) ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1329,7 +1269,9 @@
 		// find a way to determine this using IM or NetPBM
 
 		if ($path == '')
+		{
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
+		}
 
 		if ( ! file_exists($path))
 		{
@@ -1367,15 +1309,15 @@
 	 * Size calculator
 	 *
 	 * This function takes a known width x height and
-	 * recalculates it to a new size.  Only one
+	 * recalculates it to a new size. Only one
 	 * new variable needs to be known
 	 *
 	 *	$props = array(
-	 *					'width'			=> $width,
-	 *					'height'		=> $height,
-	 *					'new_width'		=> 40,
-	 *					'new_height'	=> ''
-	 *				  );
+	 *			'width'		=> $width,
+	 *			'height'	=> $height,
+	 *			'new_width'	=> 40,
+	 *			'new_height'	=> ''
+	 *		);
 	 *
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	array
@@ -1419,7 +1361,7 @@
 	 *
 	 * This is a helper function that extracts the extension
 	 * from the source_image.  This function lets us deal with
-	 * source_images with multiple periods, like:  my.cool.jpg
+	 * source_images with multiple periods, like: my.cool.jpg
 	 * It returns an associative array with two elements:
 	 * $array['ext']  = '.jpg';
 	 * $array['name'] = 'my.cool';
@@ -1449,7 +1391,7 @@
 			/* As it is stated in the PHP manual, dl() is not always available
 			 * and even if so - it could generate an E_WARNING message on failure
 			 */
-			return (function_exists('dl') AND @dl('gd.so'));
+			return (function_exists('dl') && @dl('gd.so'));
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1467,9 +1409,7 @@
 		if (function_exists('gd_info'))
 		{
 			$gd_version = @gd_info();
-			$gd_version = preg_replace("/\D/", "", $gd_version['GD Version']);
-
-			return $gd_version;
+			return preg_replace('/\D/', '', $gd_version['GD Version']);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -1516,11 +1456,10 @@
 	 */
 	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
 	{
-		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open . implode($close . $open, $this->error_msg) . $close : '';
+		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open.implode($close.$open, $this->error_msg).$close : '';
 	}
 
 }
-// END Image_lib Class
 
 /* End of file Image_lib.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Image_lib.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session.php
index 04103a4..66b39a6 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Session.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Session.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Session Class
  *
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Session Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Session Class Initialized');
 
 		// Set the super object to a local variable for use throughout the class
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
@@ -93,14 +91,14 @@
 			$this->CI->load->library('encrypt');
 		}
 
-		// Are we using a database?  If so, load it
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE AND $this->sess_table_name != '')
+		// Are we using a database? If so, load it
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && $this->sess_table_name != '')
 		{
 			$this->CI->load->database();
 		}
 
-		// Set the "now" time.  Can either be GMT or server time, based on the
-		// config prefs.  We use this to set the "last activity" time
+		// Set the "now" time. Can either be GMT or server time, based on the
+		// config prefs. We use this to set the "last activity" time
 		$this->now = $this->_get_time();
 
 		// Set the session length. If the session expiration is
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@
 		$this->sess_cookie_name = $this->cookie_prefix.$this->sess_cookie_name;
 
 		// Run the Session routine. If a session doesn't exist we'll
-		// create a new one.  If it does, we'll update it.
+		// create a new one. If it does, we'll update it.
 		if ( ! $this->sess_read())
 		{
 			$this->sess_create();
@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@
 		// Delete expired sessions if necessary
 		$this->_sess_gc();
 
-		log_message('debug', "Session routines successfully run");
+		log_message('debug', 'Session routines successfully run');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -166,7 +164,7 @@
 			$hash	 = substr($session, strlen($session)-32); // get last 32 chars
 			$session = substr($session, 0, strlen($session)-32);
 
-			// Does the md5 hash match?  This is to prevent manipulation of session data in userspace
+			// Does the md5 hash match? This is to prevent manipulation of session data in userspace
 			if ($hash !==  md5($session.$this->encryption_key))
 			{
 				log_message('error', 'The session cookie data did not match what was expected. This could be a possible hacking attempt.');
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@
 		$session = $this->_unserialize($session);
 
 		// Is the session data we unserialized an array with the correct format?
-		if ( ! is_array($session) OR ! isset($session['session_id']) OR ! isset($session['ip_address']) OR ! isset($session['user_agent']) OR ! isset($session['last_activity']))
+		if ( ! is_array($session) OR ! isset($session['session_id'], $session['ip_address'], $session['user_agent'], $session['last_activity']))
 		{
 			$this->sess_destroy();
 			return FALSE;
@@ -192,15 +190,15 @@
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Does the IP Match?
-		if ($this->sess_match_ip == TRUE AND $session['ip_address'] !== $this->CI->input->ip_address())
+		// Does the IP match?
+		if ($this->sess_match_ip == TRUE && $session['ip_address'] !== $this->CI->input->ip_address())
 		{
 			$this->sess_destroy();
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Does the User Agent Match?
-		if ($this->sess_match_useragent == TRUE AND trim($session['user_agent']) !== trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)))
+		if ($this->sess_match_useragent == TRUE && trim($session['user_agent']) !== trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)))
 		{
 			$this->sess_destroy();
 			return FALSE;
@@ -223,7 +221,7 @@
 
 			$query = $this->CI->db->get($this->sess_table_name);
 
-			// No result?  Kill it!
+			// No result? Kill it!
 			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
 			{
 				$this->sess_destroy();
@@ -232,7 +230,7 @@
 
 			// Is there custom data?  If so, add it to the main session array
 			$row = $query->row();
-			if (isset($row->user_data) AND $row->user_data != '')
+			if (isset($row->user_data) && $row->user_data != '')
 			{
 				$custom_data = $this->_unserialize($row->user_data);
 
@@ -282,7 +280,7 @@
 			$cookie_userdata[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
 		}
 
-		// Did we find any custom data?  If not, we turn the empty array into a string
+		// Did we find any custom data? If not, we turn the empty array into a string
 		// since there's no reason to serialize and store an empty array in the DB
 		if (count($custom_userdata) === 0)
 		{
@@ -298,7 +296,7 @@
 		$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
 		$this->CI->db->update($this->sess_table_name, array('last_activity' => $this->userdata['last_activity'], 'user_data' => $custom_userdata));
 
-		// Write the cookie.  Notice that we manually pass the cookie data array to the
+		// Write the cookie. Notice that we manually pass the cookie data array to the
 		// _set_cookie() function. Normally that function will store $this->userdata, but
 		// in this case that array contains custom data, which we do not want in the cookie.
 		$this->_set_cookie($cookie_userdata);
@@ -324,13 +322,12 @@
 		$sessid .= $this->CI->input->ip_address();
 
 		$this->userdata = array(
-							'session_id'	=> md5(uniqid($sessid, TRUE)),
-							'ip_address'	=> $this->CI->input->ip_address(),
-							'user_agent'	=> substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120),
-							'last_activity'	=> $this->now,
-							'user_data'		=> ''
-							);
-
+					'session_id'	=> md5(uniqid($sessid, TRUE)),
+					'ip_address'	=> $this->CI->input->ip_address(),
+					'user_agent'	=> substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120),
+					'last_activity'	=> $this->now,
+					'user_data'	=> ''
+				);
 
 		// Save the data to the DB if needed
 		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
@@ -357,6 +354,35 @@
 			return;
 		}
 
+		// _set_cookie() will handle this for us if we aren't using database sessions
+		// by pushing all userdata to the cookie.
+		$cookie_data = NULL;
+
+		/* Changing the session ID during an AJAX call causes problems,
+		 * so we'll only update our last_activity
+		 */
+		if ($this->CI->input->is_ajax_request())
+		{
+			$this->userdata['last_activity'] = $this->now;
+
+			// Update the session ID and last_activity field in the DB if needed
+			if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
+			{
+				// set cookie explicitly to only have our session data
+				$cookie_data = array();
+				foreach (array('session_id','ip_address','user_agent','last_activity') as $val)
+				{
+					$cookie_data[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
+				}
+
+				$this->CI->db->query($this->CI->db->update_string($this->sess_table_name,
+											array('last_activity' => $this->userdata['last_activity']),
+											array('session_id' => $this->userdata['session_id'])));
+			}
+
+			return $this->_set_cookie($cookie_data);
+		}
+
 		// Save the old session id so we know which record to
 		// update in the database if we need it
 		$old_sessid = $this->userdata['session_id'];
@@ -374,10 +400,6 @@
 		$this->userdata['session_id'] = $new_sessid = md5(uniqid($new_sessid, TRUE));
 		$this->userdata['last_activity'] = $this->now;
 
-		// _set_cookie() will handle this for us if we aren't using database sessions
-		// by pushing all userdata to the cookie.
-		$cookie_data = NULL;
-
 		// Update the session ID and last_activity field in the DB if needed
 		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -405,7 +427,7 @@
 	public function sess_destroy()
 	{
 		// Kill the session DB row
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE AND isset($this->userdata['session_id']))
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && isset($this->userdata['session_id']))
 		{
 			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
 			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name);
@@ -413,13 +435,13 @@
 
 		// Kill the cookie
 		setcookie(
-					$this->sess_cookie_name,
-					addslashes(serialize(array())),
-					($this->now - 31500000),
-					$this->cookie_path,
-					$this->cookie_domain,
-					0
-				);
+				$this->sess_cookie_name,
+				addslashes(serialize(array())),
+				($this->now - 31500000),
+				$this->cookie_path,
+				$this->cookie_domain,
+				0
+			);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -535,7 +557,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function keep_flashdata($key)
 	{
-		// 'old' flashdata gets removed.  Here we mark all
+		// 'old' flashdata gets removed. Here we mark all
 		// flashdata as 'new' to preserve it from _flashdata_sweep()
 		// Note the function will return FALSE if the $key
 		// provided cannot be found
@@ -586,7 +608,6 @@
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-
 	protected function _flashdata_sweep()
 	{
 		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
@@ -609,13 +630,9 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _get_time()
 	{
-		if (strtolower($this->time_reference) === 'gmt')
-		{
-			$now = time();
-			return mktime(gmdate('H', $now), gmdate('i', $now), gmdate('s', $now), gmdate('m', $now), gmdate('d', $now), gmdate('Y', $now));
-		}
-
-		return time();
+		return (strtolower($this->time_reference) === 'gmt')
+			? mktime(gmdate('H'), gmdate('i'), gmdate('s'), gmdate('m'), gmdate('d'), gmdate('Y'))
+			: time();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -649,13 +666,13 @@
 
 		// Set the cookie
 		setcookie(
-					$this->sess_cookie_name,
-					$cookie_data,
-					$expire,
-					$this->cookie_path,
-					$this->cookie_domain,
-					$this->cookie_secure
-				);
+				$this->sess_cookie_name,
+				$cookie_data,
+				$expire,
+				$this->cookie_path,
+				$this->cookie_domain,
+				$this->cookie_secure
+			);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -687,8 +704,11 @@
 	 *
 	 * This function converts any slashes found into a temporary marker
 	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _escape_slashes(&$val, $key)
+	protected function _escape_slashes(&$val, $key)
 	{
 		if (is_string($val))
 		{
@@ -725,6 +745,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * This function converts any slash markers back into actual slashes
 	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _unescape_slashes(&$val, $key)
 	{
@@ -763,9 +786,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-
 }
-// END Session Class
 
 /* End of file Session.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Session.php */
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
index 48011f2..a4904fc 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
@@ -47,13 +47,17 @@
       get_compiled_insert(), get_compiled_update(), get_compiled_delete().
    -  Taking care of LIKE condition when used with MySQL UPDATE statement.
    -  Adding $escape parameter to the order_by function, this enables ordering by custom fields.
+   -  MySQLi driver now uses mysqli_get_server_info() for server version checking.
+   -  MySQLi driver now supports persistent connections when running on PHP >= 5.3.
+   -  Added dsn if the group connections in the config use PDO or any driver which need DSN.
+   -  Improved PDO database support.
 
 -  Libraries
 
    -  Added max_filename_increment config setting for Upload library.
    -  CI_Loader::_ci_autoloader() is now a protected method.
    -  Modified valid_ip() to use PHP's filter_var() when possible (>= PHP 5.2) in the :doc:`Form Validation library <libraries/form_validation>`.
-	 -  Added custom filename to Email::attach() as $this->email->attach($filename, $disposition, $newname)
+   -  Added custom filename to Email::attach() as $this->email->attach($filename, $disposition, $newname)
    -  Cart library changes include:
 	 -  It now auto-increments quantity's instead of just resetting it, this is the default behaviour of large e-commerce sites.
 	 -  Product Name strictness can be disabled via the Cart Library by switching "$product_name_safe"
@@ -63,6 +67,7 @@
 	 -  Added support for 3-length hex color values for wm_font_color and wm_shadow_color properties, as well as validation for them.
 	 -  Class properties wm_font_color, wm_shadow_color and wm_use_drop_shadow are now protected, to avoid breaking the text_watermark() method
 	    if they are set manually after initialization.
+	 -  If property maintain_ratio is set to TRUE, image_reproportion() now doesn't need both width and height to be specified.
    -  Minor speed optimizations and method & property visibility declarations in the Calendar Library.
    -  Removed SHA1 function in the :doc:`Encryption Library <libraries/encryption>`.
    -  Added $config['csrf_regeneration'] to the CSRF protection in the :doc:`Security library <libraries/security>`, which makes token regeneration optional.
@@ -97,6 +102,10 @@
 -  In Pagination library, when use_page_numbers=TRUE previous link and page 1 link do not have the same url
 -  Fixed a bug (#561) - Errors in :doc:`XML-RPC Library <libraries/xmlrpc>` were not properly escaped.
 -  Fixed a bug (#904) - ``CI_Loader::initialize()`` caused a PHP Fatal error to be triggered if error level E_STRICT is used.
+-  Fixed a hosting edge case where an empty $_SERVER['HTTPS'] variable would evaluate to 'on'
+-  Fixed a bug (#154) - ``CI_Session::sess_update()`` caused the session to be destroyed on pages where multiple AJAX requests were executed at once.
+-  Fixed a possible bug in ``CI_Input::is_ajax_request()`` where some clients might not send the X-Requested-With HTTP header value exactly as 'XmlHttpRequest'.
+-  Fixed a bug (#1039) - MySQL's _backup() method failed due to a table name not being escaped.
 
 Version 2.1.0
 =============
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
index 4f88c25..040e7e3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
 	$db['default']['autoinit'] = TRUE;
 	$db['default']['stricton'] = FALSE;
 
+If you use PDO as your dbdriver, you can specify the full DSN string describe a connection to the database like this::
+
+	$db['default']['dsn'] = 'pgsql:host=localhost;port=5432;dbname=database_name';
+
 You can also specify failovers for the situation when the main connection cannot connect for some reason.
 These failovers can be specified by setting the failover for a connection like this::
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/styleguide.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/styleguide.rst
index b3dc088..d8bdd05 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/styleguide.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/styleguide.rst
@@ -441,6 +441,13 @@
 			// ...
 			}
 		}
+		
+	try {
+		// ...
+	}
+	catch() {
+		// ...
+	}
 
 **CORRECT**::
 
@@ -470,6 +477,15 @@
 			// ...
 		}
 	}
+	
+	try 
+	{
+		// ...
+	}
+	catch()
+	{
+		// ...
+	}
 
 Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing
 ===============================
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst
index 857078b..6b390b5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@
 
 	example.com/index.php/news/article/my_article
 
-You can easily remove this file by using a .htaccess file with some
-simple rules. Here is an example of such a file, using the "negative"
-method in which everything is redirected except the specified items:
+If your Apache server has mod_rewrite enabled, you can easily remove this
+file by using a .htaccess file with some simple rules. Here is an example
+of such a file, using the "negative" method in which everything is redirected
+except the specified items:
 
 ::
 	
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@
 In the above example, any HTTP request other than those for existing
 directories and existing files is treated as a request for your index.php file.
 
+.. note:: Note: These specific rules might not work for all server configurations.
+
 Adding a URL Suffix
 ===================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst
index c7f7379..708eaeb 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     public function view($page = 'home')
     {
                 
-        if ( ! file_exists('application/views/pages/'.$page.'.php'))
+        if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'/views/pages/'.$page.'.php'))
         {
             // Whoops, we don't have a page for that!
             show_404();